What Is Web3?

In short:

• Web3 makes peer-to-peer interactions the essence of a new generation of networked commerce and society. It retires centralised platforms, servers and authorities as the key managers of information and value flows.
• Web3 will initially benefit large enterprises through applications that benefit from new blockchain-enabled business models and social and gaming networks.
• The first step for business and IT executives is to understand the key ways in which Web3 differs from Web 2.0, the early Web3 use cases and related technologies.

The term Web3 was popularised by Gavin Wood, co-founder of Ethereum, who argues that centralisation is not socially tenable long-term. Also called Web3 and Web 3.0, Web3 eliminates the need for and functions of Web 2.0 central authorities and “gatekeepers”, such as major search engines and social media platforms.

“Web3 innovations will take the internet into new realms and give rise to applications not previously possible”, says Avivah Litan, a distinguished VP Analyst at Gartner. “But Web 2.0 still has advantages in terms of scale, customer service and customer protections. Potential Web3 risks include lack of customer protections, new security threats and a swing back to centralised control, so organisations will want to shore up governance and risk management before replacing Web 2.0 applications.”

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Why Web3 is different

Web3 is attractive because it enables peer-to-peer interactions without centralised platforms and intermediaries.

“The idea behind Web was to make publishing possible for anyone; the idea behind Web 2.0 was to give readers the possibility to be writers too”, says Whit Andrews, a distinguished VP Analyst at Gartner. “Web3 is intended to give any participant on Web their own autonomous power and control.”

Web3 uses a stack of technologies, based on decentralised blockchains, which enables new business and social models. Users own their data, identity, content and algorithms and participate as “shareholders” by owning the protocol’s tokens or cryptocurrencies. That ownership shifts power and money away from centralised Web 2.0 “gatekeepers”, such as big tech companies and governments.

Tokens and cryptocurrencies power the business models and economics of Web3, which supports new business opportunities in relation to, for example, the monetisation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in new metaverse applications.

The terms “metaverse” and “Web3” are often conflated, but they actually describe distinct—yet related—concepts. Metaverse denotes an evolving vision of a digitally native world in which we will spend our time working, socialising and engaging in all types of activities. Web3 provides decentralised protocols and a technology stack that can be used to build parts of a metaverse and the new communities and economies that it will enable.

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Web3 use cases

Existing Web3 applications are limited in enterprises, but public applications are thriving. These include decentralised finance (DeFi), NFTs, play-to-earn games and community-organised decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs). For example:

• DeFi protocols such as Aave and MakerDAO provide users with lending and borrowing services run by smart contracts, which eliminate intermediaries so as to enable higher yields and returns, albeit with a higher risk.
• Play-to-earn games using NFTs provide a means for users to earn income. Such games have also spawned non-profit organisations that leverage gaming proceeds to fund scholarships for underprivileged users.
• Content creators, such as artists, are selling their work using NFT smart contracts that ensure that they—and not intermediaries—are paid based on contract terms that they set themselves whenever, for example, they sell a piece of art.

Examples of Web3 success in well-established industries are sparse, and large enterprises will likely be slow to cede governance, oversight and control of applications they use in conjunction with other digital ecosystem participants in order to move to Web3. Nevertheless, most organisations will ultimately want to implement applications and processes that benefit from trust-minimised computing, new business models and opportunities that only Web3 promises to enable.

Enabling protocols and technologies

Some Web3-adjacent and evolving value-adding protocols and technologies include:

• privacy-preserving, trustworthy off-chain computing integrated with on-chain smart contracts;
• cross-chain interoperability that enables assets to move easily across isolated blockchains;
• middleware abstraction layers that make it easier for developers to implement portable applications;
• scalability solutions that remove the computing burden from primary base-level (Layer 1) blockchains, such as Ethereum and Bitcoin;
• distributed, persistent and secure storage systems for off-chain data linked to blockchains; and
• other technologies, such as privacy-preserving protocols like zero-knowledge proofs, which protect confidential information, and artificial intelligence (AI) models that can infuse NFTs with intelligence.

How Web 2.0 and Web3 compare